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In the social phenomenon called Sport, the theory and methodology of the training constitute the foundation of this activity. The methodologies of training in the diverse sport disciplines have been modernized and perfecting themselves, in their intentions, resources, and processes.
The oriented sport this to the practice recreational, educational, and competitive; because the essence and the spirit of Deporte could not be reduced exclusívamente to the frame of the competitions, that would be a mediocre, ineffective and egoista eagerness in the development of the societies.
Sports serves fundamentally to form the individual, to socialize it, to physically mature it, emotionally, and spiritually. For that reason, the competition sport is sóla a part of the complexity and social phenomenon called Sport.
In the case of the Judo, this one discipline is born like a Martial Art modern or Gendai Budo, in which in addition to the structure and the technical processes of the same Martial Art, it is the aspect of the formation and physical training, with adapted methodologies to prepare to the individual in his abilities, resistance, force, agility, speed, flexibility, reaction; no longer applied to the combat by the life or the death, that was the intention of the arts single-breasted uniform jackets of the time of the Kobudo; but but well to the activities of the modern sport competition.
Or it indicated the Kano teacher in differentiating Or Judo of the Ko Judo, the Ko Judo focuses extrictamente to the aspect of the physical development in the Judo; Or the Judo involves the development of the processes of the technique of the Judo and the person in its human values ethical and labels (Bushido and Reigisoho), plus the physical aspect; and that is what é l recommended actually of the Judo, an integral preparation, so that judoka, asi like samurai, they were expert in the art of the combat, and the art of living healthfully in interaction with the social and natural surroundings.
The Judo as it deports must be seen like a model of values, of physical conditioning and competitive; for that reason, which a sportsman is seen like an exemplary person, by his discipline, certainty, tenacity, anger, value, initiative, modestia, diligence, order, respetuosidad, common sense, human politeness, civismo, and other values.
The Judo deports is an instrument of the multifacético social development, that contributes to the development of the individual, its family, and the society; in aspects of health and hygiene, recreation, competition, and values.
We do not forget, that the sport like integrated system, can be a unit of measurement of the development of a nation.
The preparation of judoka competing is a long process that occurs in regularities or cycles of preparation through the years of the sport life of the athlete. That it includes understands programs, resources, methods, and enviroment; that they allow the athlete of the Judo to reach his goals and objectives, with respect to his improvement or masters, and competitive or recreacional level of perfomance.
The training is part of the preparation process; and it is technical, didactic, psychological, nutricional, physiological, medical, tactical, strategic, operative a fact, for the development of the capacities of the individual in his goals of competition or recreation. Asi we have:
It is the development of the required physical capacities for the sport activity, in the fortification and adaptation of the organism; and it can occur in general the physical training and the specific physical training.
The general physical work gives the athletic bases in the force, speed, resistance, flexibility, agility, reaction, and security. The specific physical training is oriented to the training of the stimulation and improvement in the particular areas of the Judo deports, asi like of certain parts of the body; in this case ours, the Judo.
Let us say that we can orient and already speaking of the directed training to harness takes hold of hands, femorales muscles, arms, neck, abdomen; to look for elasticity and flexibility of waist, and torso, for entrances and retirements, and contraction and expansion of the body for Newaza; conditional speed of reaction and movements of the body; perception and sensitivity of balance and anticipation; muscular and cardio-respiratory resistance.
In each case, they will become or design, according to agrees; schemes, routines, series and repetitions of exercises or works to build the parts or areas involved in the activity of the discipline of the Judo.
The tactical work of judoka, consists of training the movements and actions to perfect the abilities of the techniques or wazas. And for which an optimal physical training conditions is required; establishing exigencies and degrees of difficulty in the accomplishment of the individual or combined techniques.
The tactics include understand in addition the recognition to the laws of the physical mechanics applied to the Judo and to the human body, rather, the biomechanics of the Judo; creating automated effective and reflected habits of the body, that respond to the diverse stimuli in the structure of a combat or Shiai, and with high indices of perfomance and improvement.
The strategic training however, is focused to train to judoka and to train it for the situations that occur in a combat and during the process of the competition matches.
Let us consider, that to a high individual cannot be fought to him equal like low a one; and to a either equal technician like a a robust one; they are different styles, and they demand strategies battle according to the capacities of each rival.
The athlete must be prepared physical, emotional, mental, and spiritually in optimidad. In order to respond to the situacionales variations of the contendor, style, and capacities of this; asi as to the schemes of attack and defense, combinations and contrataque; ambientacion, arbitration; concentration, security, adaptation and changes; volitivo process, reactions and decisions; character, temperament, and winning mentality.
In the theory of the training we must consider the following elements basic:
The training must have an aim or intention, and it did not have means mental challenges or pressures on the person; still in the case of the recreational Judo, always it must have an intention to train, but to train being educated and recreating, that could be a good intention; besides to reach perfection, health and good physical attitude, or simply to have a complete relaxation.
To the competition sport but concrete and evaluables goals will pay attention well to reach in certain periods of time. The trainer must explain the characteristics and purposes of the program of training to the athlete.
The parts and the whole of the training process must have unit of symmetry, coordination, integration and harmony with the capacities of the athlete, their expectations, and the program of work.
The training must bring utility to the athlete, like person and sportsman, in sport his desarollo integral; the training and its demands must be realistic and experenciables, viable in the means that the athlete lives.
He would be absurd which a training process lacked method, but is good for having an ordering in the work and the tasks of the training, like volume, intensity, frequency; majority, specificity; schemes, cycles, series, repetitions; statistics, yields, etc. The things not only must be registered in the head, but also in papers and registries of work.
The development aid with the certainty and the systematic continuity in the training process. The periodic evaluations of goals, the controls and reprogrammaciones, interruptions and rests, contribute to maintain that continuity of the work.
Each person is a complexity, and has her temperament, character and own personality that identifies it; the training models did not have to move or to repress the creativity, espontaneidad, and personal seal of the athlete; the personality of the person is important part of the training, complements it, it strengthens it, and it makes effective.
The physical tasks or exercises, are the natural instruments of the body for the development of the training. Asi we will have, that in the training for the competition in Judo, we can disturb the activity in work of general preparation and specific work.
For example, the Randori would be a general service load, that we would divide it in time units, as in four series of 3 minutes battle by 1 minute of rest, they would give 12 minutes us battle effective.
Within this routine we will approach a specific work in the attack areas and defense, displacements, you promise to be, blockades, contrataques, kuzushi, tsukuri, Kake, Yakusokugeiko; carrying out repetitions in each task and movements; and analyzing the elements of the movements to make the correciones necessary.
We can add in addition complementary tasks to reach improvement in certain favorite techniques; for example for Kata guruma, work with weights to fortify and to give resistance to the legs, work of abdomen, neck and waist that complement the turn and the effort to raise to the rival; displacement in tatami Shintai, Taisabaki, and Renrakuwaza combinations; practice of distance, angle, moment and direction, in order to obtain the suitable contact.
In the work scheme we can use rise of weights by ten minutes in 3 series of 10 repetitions, with intervals of 1 minute among them; soon to return to the Uchikomi in statics and dynamics by 50 repetitions each one; soon to the Randori by two minutes; this sequence of specific tareaje can be repeated approximately in two routines for a space of 30 to 50 minutes.
However, and to have one more a ordered and compressed idea; the structure and general process in the work of the training of the Judo competition or recreacional, could be sketched of the following way:
a) Structure of the Training:
Model - Cycle - Activity - Function - Task.
b) Process of the Training:
Session - Routine - Series - Repetitions - Pauses.
c) Directional Mechanisms of the Training:
Objective - I put - Alternative - Decisions - Actions - Feedback.
d) Operative Mechanisms of the Training:
Tactics - Technical - Method - Movement - Elements of the Movement.
e) Mechanisms of the Competitive Capacity:
System of Defense - System of Attack - Mental and Emotional Attitude - Strategies - Surroundings.
Within the methodology of the training, we have several modalities of work, as they are: work by repetitions, in sequence, in intervals, by duration, adaptation, results, service load, stimulus.
Methodology also, is related and takes part in each aspect of the structure and process of the training that already we have indicated line above.
However, the service load will be related in addition to the following parameters:
a) Intensity: we called intensity of work to the magnitude of the applied physical effort in reference to a unit of measurement, for example, whole range, raised weight, conducted repetitions, you send made.
b) Volume: The total of accumulated work, or the amount of work made in certain tasks or exercises for a session talks about, unit, period, stage or cycle of training; the resultant occurs in goals obtained for the unit or stage; for example session, routines and series made of each technique in the course of one week.
c) Duration: it is the time or period in which the body is subject to the exercise or task and with different intensities and volumes.
d) Intervals: they are the pauses, intervals, rests between series and series of exercises or routines of exercises.
e) Frequency: it is the number of times in which a session of training in the course of one week is repeated, that is, the number of times that trains, that can also be quantified in number of hours.
On other hand, it is recommendable that the service loads, do not irritate the nervous system, do not produce distensions or strechings, neither muscular contractions or cramps, and the less torn muscles.
Rather a healthful service load, in addition to the personal satisfaction; it will have to produce a good muscular irrigation, oxigenación, biochemistry, cardiovascular stimulus, resistance cardiorespiratoria, diminution of beats, nervous tone.
Same as we considered that the training in Judo has two noticeable aspects affluent, the physical-athletic work, that leads to the optimization of the physical effort; and strategic the tactical work that it directs to obtain a high level of perfomance of the techniques and combat.
